Chytrid fungus (Bsal) in salamanders
Salamander chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans or “Bsal”) was first identified in 2013 in Belgium and the Netherlands. Bsal impacts a variety of salamander species (as well as some frog species) and can result in mass mortality events. Bsal has not yet been documented in the United States but because we have the highest salamander diversity in the world, the introduction of this disease could have devastating consequences.
TRANSMISSION
The release of pet salamanders and frogs into the wild is the single largest cause of Bsal outbreaks. Once Bsal is on the landscape, direct contact between salamanders or frogs is the most common method of spread, however contaminated water, soil or vegetation can also transmit the fungus. Birds and other wildlife may inadvertently spread the fungus as well.
CLINICAL SIGNS
Diseased salamanders are typically lethargic with noticeable skin lesions. However, animals that appear healthy may also be carriers of the disease.
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Bsal has not yet been documented in the United States. The introduction of this disease can be prevented by not releasing pet salamanders or frogs (native species or pet trade species) into the wild. When sick or dead amphibians (tadpoles, salamanders, frogs) are observed, care should be taken to prevent potentially moving any infectious diseases to another location. At a minimum, rinse off footwear and either air dry in the sun for a few days, disinfect with a 10% bleach solution or wipe off with 70% alcohol wipes before wearing to another water area.
PUBLIC HEALTH
There is no known risk to people or pets.